Ramapough Mountain Indians

The Ramapough Mountain Indians, also known as Ramapo Mountain Indians or the Ramapough Lenape Nation, are a group of approximately 5,000[1] people living around the Ramapo Mountains of northern New Jersey and southern New York. Their tribal office is located on Stag Hill Road on Houvenkopf Mountain in Mahwah, New Jersey. Since January 2007, the Chief of the Ramapough Lenape Indian Nation has been Dwaine Perry.[2]

The Ramapough Lenape Indian Nation are described as the descendants of the Lenape – including the Hackensack, Tappan, Rumachenanck/Haverstroo, and Munsee/Minisink people – with varying degrees of Tuscarora, African, Dutch, and other European ancestry.[3] The Ramapough have common ancestry with the Stockbridge-Munsee and the Brothertown Indians of Wisconsin.[4] The Ramapough ancestral language was Munsee, but, following contact with European colonists, the community was also known to have spoken English and Jersey Dutch in the past. Today they speak English.[5][6] The Ramapough are engaged in an effort to revitalize the Munsee language among their members. The Ramapough Lenape Nation, the Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Tribal Nation, and the Powhatan Renape Nation have a longstanding history of working together to care for its members in the State of New Jersey. As of May 2011, The three Tribes formed the United State Recognized Tribes of New Jersey.[7]

Contents

Recognition

The Ramapough have been identified by the state of New Jersey by Resolution 3031 as an Indian tribe since 1980. They were also recognized by the State of New York by Resolution 86 in 1979. "The Ramapough have been repeatedly and consistently identified as an Indian entity since 1900 by historians, anthropologists, various other scholars, journalists, and federal and state reports."[8] In August 2006, Governor Jon Corzine formed the New Jersey Committee on Native American Community Affairs to investigate issues of civil rights, education, employment, fair housing, environmental protection, health care, infrastructure and equal opportunity confronting New Jersey's three indigenous Native American tribes and other New Jersey residents of Native American descent.[9][10] The Committee's report was delivered on December 17, 2007 and cited "lingering discrimination, ignorance of state history and culture, and cynicism in the treatment of Indian people".[11]

The New Jersey citation read: "Be it resolved by the General Assembly of the State of New Jersey (the Senate concurring): 1. That the Ramapough Mountain People of the Ramapough Mountains of Bergen and Passaic counties, descendants of the Iroquois and Algonquin nations, are hereby designated by the State of New Jersey as the Ramapough Indians."[12][13] New York has a bill pending to recognize the Ramapough people as Native Americans.[14]

Earlier exonym

Until the 1970s, the tribe was frequently referred to as the "Jackson Whites", which, according to legend (folklore or myth) was shorthand for "Jacks and Whites".[15] Belief was that they were descendants of runaway and freed slaves ("Jacks" in slang) and whites (including Dutch settlers and Hessian soldiers) who had supported the British during the American Revolution. They fled to frontier areas of the mountains after the end of the war. There is no documented proof of slaves, freed or runaway, nor of Hessian soldiers' marrying into the tribe.[15]

The group rejects this name and its associated legends as pejorative.[15][16] On July 30, 1880, The Bergen Democrat was the first newspaper to print this term. As an article written in 1911 pointed out, this was a title of contempt. The Mountain People did not recognize this name; it was used only by neighbors.[17] New Jersey historian David Cohen wrote that the old stories about these people were legends, not history. He stated, "It became increasingly obvious that, not only was the legend untrue, it was also the continuing vehicle for the erroneous and derogatory stereotype of the Mountain People,"[18] an issue previously documented by Miles Merwin in 1963.[19]

Historical perspective

A number of local historians and genealogists have written about the Ramapough people.

Below is a summary of findings:

Bureau of Indian Affairs application

As a response to the publication of The Ramapo Mountain People, which disputes the Native American origins of the Ramapoughs, the tribe approached New Jersey Assembly member W. Cary Edwards to seek state recognition. After several months of research, Edwards and Assemblyman Kern introduced Assembly Concurrent Resolution No. 3031 (ACR3031) on May 21, 1979. ACR3031 passed in the Assembly on January 3, 1980 and in the Senate on January 7, 1980.

Edwards later stated that much of the debate in the vote for recognition revolved around the validity of the Cohen book, and said, "It was necessary to prove to individual legislators that Cohen's book was without factual foundation." ACR3031 called for Federal recognition of the Ramapoughs, but is non-binding in that regard.[42] The state of New Jersey recognized the Ramapoughs as an American Indian tribe.[43]

The New York State Gaming Association web site says that the Ramapoughs were not recognized as a tribe,[44] but the State of New York passed Legislative Resolution 96 granting the Ramapough state recognition on February 22, 1982.[45]

In the proposed finding by the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the BIA did not find proof of descent from a historical Native American Tribe:

In making this Final Determination, the BIA has reviewed the evidence used to prepare the Proposed Finding, the RMI response to the Proposed Finding, and additional research conducted for the Final Determination by BIA staff. None of the interested party or third party comments were directed to the specific genealogies of the RMI progenitor families. None of the interested party or third party comments provided substantive proof that the earliest proven RMI ancestors descended from a historical tribe of North American Indians. Therefore, the third-party comments were not directly pertinent to criterion 83.7(e). ...

None of the outside observers cited in the RMI Response provided documentation of actual tribal descent. Statements of generically "Indian" characteristics are not equivalent under the 25 CFR Part 83 regulations to documented descent from "a historical Indian tribe or from historical Indian tribes that combined and functioned as a single autonomous political entity." Statements concerning more general "Indian" descent are not in themselves adequate to meet criterion 83.7(e), and must also be evaluated in the full context of the available evidence. ...

In conclusion, the origins and parentage of the earliest genealogically proven ancestors of the petitioner are not known. The petitioner has not demonstrated that their earliest documented ancestors were members of a historical North American Indian tribe, nor has the petitioner documented that their earliest proven progenitors descended from any known historical tribe of North American Indians. Without documentation, the BIA cannot make an assumption, on the basis of late 19th-century and early 20th-century ascriptions, that these unknown RMI ancestors were members of a historical North American Indian tribe. The petitioner has not presented acceptable evidence that the RMI descend from a historical Indian tribe, or from tribes that amalgamated and functioned as a single unit, either as individuals or as a group.[46]

The BIA failed to recognize the written eyewitness accounting of former county judge James M. Van Valen in his book History of Bergen County", published in 1900. {{quote|The villages and hamlets locally named as such in the township are Wortendyke, Wyckoff, Campgaw, [and] Oakland. The Ramapo Indians sometimes visited the settlements in the township. They were known formerly as the Hackensacky Indians but are more properly the race described as the "Jackson whites." They bear little resemblance to the Indians, yet as tradition gives it they are descendants of Hessians, Indians and negroes but know nothing of their ancestry, so ignorant have they become. They dwell in huts or caves in the sides of the mountains, and subsist on fish and game, principally. When Judge Garrison was a boy, one of these people, an old man, Uncle Rich De Groate by name, would often leave his home for a visit to the villagers, coming among the people without a hat, or covering for his feet and legs to his knees. When asked whether or not his lower limbs did not suffer from excess heat or cold he would reply by asking the same question concerning the exposure of the face.[47]

On November 2001, the Ramapough presented their case to the Court of Appeals. The BIA conceded that the Ramapough were Native Americans. "At oral argument before the Court of Appeals, the BIA conceded that the RMI (Ramapough Mountain Indians) are Indians, but asserted that the Tribe provided no evidence of descent from the Aboriginal Lenape Indians, who are the only tribal group ever to have occupied the region."[48]

The names Hackensack, Tappan, Nyack, and Minsi were all names given by the Dutch, not what the tribes call themselves.

Through the early Dutch navigators who followed Hudson's path more definite information is obtained of the people whom he visited, and also the names given to the clans or chieftaincies into which they were divided. At "Haverstroo" they were called Haverstroos; from Stony Point to the DansKammer they were Waoranecks,—subsequently called "the Murderer's Creek Indians"; from the DansKammer north through Ulster County, and west through the valley of the Wallkill, they were Warranawonkongs; in the district drained by the Delaware and its tributaries they were Minsis or Minisinks. These names were not those the natives had given as belonging to themselves, but were those given by them to the Dutch as the names of the streams on which they lived.[49]

Since 1978, the BIA has granted federal recognition status to only 15 tribes out of the 314 that applied. Another 23 were denied; the rest are pending.[50]

Before 1870, the State of New Jersey Census grouped the population into three categories - White, Black (free), and Black (slave). In 1870, New Jersey began recording Native Americans and 16 were documented.[51]

Herbert C. Kraft stated "The Ramapough petitioned for federal recognition on August 14, 1978."[52] In April 1993,[52] the opponents of Ramapo recognition led by casino owner Donald Trump and two Bergen County Representatives charged that "the Ramapo would bring in Indian gaming associated with organized crime."[53]

U.S. Representative Marge Roukema made these statements to the Senate Subcommittee on October 5, 1993:

A group of people residing in parts of two communities in my congressional district have been seeking federal recognition as a federal Indian tribe for nearly 20 years. When representatives of the so called, "Ramapough Mountain Indians" first approached me in the mid-1980s seeking a private bill recognizing the group as an Indian tribe, I was skeptical of the motives behind their drive for recognition. To this day, the leaders of the Ramapough community have maintained their sole reason for seeking federal acknowledgment is to improve their housing, education, and social welfare. However, from my very first discussions with the group almost ten years ago, it has been quite clear to me their sole interest in federal acknowledgment is to circumvent local, state, and federal jurisdiction for the purpose of establishing casino gambling in Bergen County, New Jersey.[54]

Roukema further stated: "Make no mistake. BIA acknowledgement of the Ramapoughs will result in Indian gaming in northern New Jersey and it will, almost surely, bring organized crime with it!"[54] On November 17, 1993, Roukema and U.S. Representative Robert Torricelli announced in the media that the Ramapough had been denied recognition by the BIA, although the draft report had not yet been reviewed by the Assistant Secretary. The Ramapough requested an investigation and were ignored.[42]

The BIA rejected the petition on December 8, 1993.[55] The Ramapough, who are opposed to gambling, appealed the BIA's decision.

Alexa Koenig, Managing Editor of the University of San Francisco Law Review and Jonathan Stein, a trial lawyer in Santa Monica, California, wrote, "The current political environment threatens to further slow the achievement of federal recognition, as legislators and citizens in various communities band together to oppose recognition for fear that newly recognized tribes will establish a casino in their community. This opposition is sometimes financed by competing Indian casinos, adding additional money and political muscle to an already uphill fight. Unfortunately, this is unfairly hindering recognition opportunities for longstanding tribes and standing in the way of such tribes acquiring much needed non-casino related benefits, such as federal grants and governmental immunities."[56]

See also

References

  1. ^ Kelly, Tina (April 11, 2006). "New Jersey Tribe Member Dies After Police Shooting at a Back-Roads Party". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/11/nyregion/11tribe.html. 
  2. ^ "Tribal Council", Ramapough Lenape Indian Nation, http://www.ramapoughlenapenation.org/?page_id=126, retrieved February 17, 2011 
  3. ^ Pritchard, Evan T. (2002), Native New Yorkers: The Legacy of the Algonquin People of New York, Council Oak Books, p. 265–271, ISBN 978-1-57178-135-2
  4. ^ Brotherhood Indians, see Joost deGroat Genealogy
  5. ^ a b Kraft, Herbert C. (1986), The Lenape: Archaeology, History, and Ethnography, New Jersey Historical Society, Newark, N.J. p. 241, ISBN 978-0-911020-14-4
  6. ^ New Jersey Committee on Native American Community Affairs (December 17, 2007), Report to Governor Jon S. Corzine, State of New Jersey, p. 15, http://www.state.nj.us/state/divisions/indian/Native%20American%20Committee%20Report.pdf, retrieved February 18, 2011 
  7. ^ "Resolution of Agreement Regarding Class III Gaming and Land Claims between the Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Tribal Nation, the Ramapough Lenape Nation, and the Powhatan Renape Nation". 2011.
  8. ^ Ramapough Mountain Indian Final Determination, CD-6, file 6_4.pdf p. AR029381 (available as a matter of public record from the BIA under the Freedom of Information Act)
  9. ^ Corzine, Jon S. (August 4, 2006), "Executive Order #24", State of New Jersey, http://www.state.nj.us/infobank/circular/eojsc24.htm, retrieved February 18, 2011 
  10. ^ Corzine, Jon S. (October 1, 2008), "Executive Order #122", State of New Jersey, http://www.state.nj.us/infobank/circular/eojsc122.htm, retrieved February 18, 2011 
  11. ^ New Jersey Committee on Native American Community Affairs (December 17, 2007), Report to Governor Jon S. Corzine, State of New Jersey, p. 1, http://www.state.nj.us/state/divisions/indian/Native%20American%20Committee%20Report.pdf, retrieved February 18, 2011 
  12. ^ Assembly Concurrent Resolution No. 3031, State of New Jersey, filed January 8, 1980.
  13. ^ New Jersey Committee on Native American Community Affairs (December 17, 2007), Report to Governor Jon S. Corzine, State of New Jersey, p. 21, http://www.state.nj.us/state/divisions/indian/Native%20American%20Committee%20Report.pdf, retrieved February 18, 2011 
  14. ^ Incalcaterra, Laura (September 6, 2009), "Ramapough Lenape seek state recognition, get boost from Rockland", The Journal News
  15. ^ a b c "Ramapough Mountain People drawn into their own", St. Petersburg Times, March 18, 1976, pg 50.
  16. ^ McGrath, Ben (March 1, 2010). "Strangers on the Mountain". The New Yorker: 50. http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/03/01/100301fa_fact_mcgrath. Retrieved February 17, 2011. 
  17. ^ Bischoff, Henry & Kahn, Mitchell (1979), From Pioneer Settlement to Suburb, a History of Mahwah, New Jersey 1700-1976, A. S. Barnes & Co., p. 210 ISBN 978-0-498-02218-0
  18. ^ a b c Cohen, David Steven (1974), The Ramapo Mountain People, New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, pp. 74, 197, ISBN 978-0-8135-1195-5
  19. ^ Merwin, Miles (1963), "The Jackson Whites", Rutgers Alumni Monthly 42, p. 29-30
  20. ^ Kraft, Herbert C., 2001. The Lenape-Delaware Indian Heritage, Lenape Books p. 562:58
  21. ^ http://acqtc.org/Articles/SettingTheRecordStraight, referenced 4/22/10
  22. ^ Revey, James (1984), "The Delaware Indians of New Jersey, from Colonial Times to the Present", in Kraft, Herbert C. & Becker, Marshall Joseph, The Lenape Indian: A Symposium, Seton Hall University: Archaeological Research Center, ASIN B00116FOLC 
  23. ^ Pritchard, Evan T. (2002), Native New Yorkers: The Legacy of the Algonquin People of New York, San Francisco: Council Oak Books, pp. 265–66, 270–71, ISBN 978-1-57178-107-9 
  24. ^ "Ramapough Mountain Indian Final Determination", CD-6, file 6_4.pdf p. AR029374 (available as a matter of public record from the BIA under the Freedom of Information Act)
  25. ^ a b c d Catalano, Albert J. and Plache, Matthew J. (2006-04-30). "The case for Ramapough tribal status". North Jersey Media. http://www.bergen.com/page.php?qstr=eXJpcnk3ZjczN2Y3dnFlZUVFeXk0MDYmZmdiZWw3Zjd2cWVlRUV5eTY5MjY1MTUmeXJpcnk3ZjcxN2Y3dnFlZUVFeXkxNA==. 
  26. ^ Bedell, Cornelia F., ed. (November 1992), Now and Then and Long Ago in Rockland County New York, Historical Society of Rockland County, p. 323, ISBN 978-0-911183-40-5 
  27. ^ Cohen, David Steven, 1995. Folk Legacies Revisited, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, pp. 18-19
  28. ^ Ramapough Mountain Indian Final Determination, CD-6, file 6_10.pdf p. AR029389 & AR029620 respectively (available as a matter of public record from the BIA under the Freedom of Information Act)
  29. ^ Slavery in New Jersey
  30. ^ Cohen 1974 p. 110
  31. ^ Benson J. Lossing, Pictorial Field Book of the Revolution Volume I, chapter XXXII, Harper Brothers, New York, 1859
  32. ^ Lenik, Edward J., 1999. Indians in the Ramapos, The North Jersey Highlands Historical Society ISBN 0-9675706-0-3 pp. 1-2
  33. ^ C.A. Weslager, 1973. Magic Medicines of the Indians, The Middle Atlantic Press p. 124
  34. ^ William Harlan Gilbert, jr, 1948. Surviving Indian Groups of the Eastern United States, (D. C., 1949), United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
  35. ^ John W. DeForest, 1851. History of the Indians of Connecticut from the Earliest Known Period to 1850, Connecticut Historical Society
  36. ^ Edward F. Pierson, 1915. The Ramapo Pass
  37. ^ Frank Bertangue Green, 1886. History of Rockland County p. 393
  38. ^ The New York Times, December 20, 1923.
  39. ^ CT Underwater Archaeology-Dugout Canoe
  40. ^ Alanson Skinner, 1915. Indians of Greater New York, The Torch Press, pp 98-99.
  41. ^ a b Ramapough Mountain Indian Final Determination, CD-5, file 6_4_2_Part01.pdf page AR023346 (available as a matter of public record from the BIA under the Freedom of Information Act)
  42. ^ a b Ramapough Mountain Indian Final Determination, CD-2, file 2_4_Part01.pdf pp.138-141 AR005026 through AR005029 (available as a matter of public record from the BIA under the Freedom of Information Act)
  43. ^ New Jersey Department of State web page. Retrieved January 22, 2006. Archived June 23, 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  44. ^ New York State Racing and Wagering Board FAQ, last updated November 24, 2004. Retrieved January 24, 2006.
  45. ^ BIA petition. Retrieved February 3, 2006. Archived October 1, 2005 at the Wayback Machine
  46. ^ Summary Under the Criteria and Evidence for Final Determination against Federal Acknowledgment of the Ramapough Mountain Indians, Inc. Criterion 83.7(e)
  47. ^ James M. Van Valen (2010) [1900]. History of Bergen county, New Jersey. Nabu Press. pp. 181–182. ISBN 978-1-177-72589-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=9KwPofkJTHYC&q=jackson+whites#v=snippet&q=jackson%20whites&f=false. Retrieved February 17, 2011. 
  48. ^ page 2. May 16, 2002
  49. ^ Ruttenber, Edward Manning; Clark, Lewis H. (1881). The History of Orange County. Philadelphia: Everts & Peck. p. 9.
  50. ^ Komp, Catherine (February 14, 2007). "Virginia Tribes Continue Long Fight for Sovereignty". The New Standard (Richmond, VA).
  51. ^ Population Division Working Paper No. 56
  52. ^ a b Kraft, Herbert C., 2001. The Lenape-Delaware Indian Heritage, Lenape Books p. 564–66
  53. ^ "Calculated Gamble; Trump cries foul over Indian casino", Newsday, May 4, 1993, City Edition: Business Section, p. 41
  54. ^ a b "Implementation of Indian Gaming Regulatory Act : oversight hearing before the Subcommittee on Native American Affairs, Committee on Natural Resources, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, first session, on implementation of Public Law 100-497, the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988". 1993. pp. 77, 86.
  55. ^ "Summary Under the Criteria and Evidence for Final Determination against Federal Acknowledgment of the Ramapough Mountain Indians, Inc.". Retrieved November 19, 2011
  56. ^ "Federalism and the State Recognition of Native American Tribes: A survey of State-Recognized Tribes and State Recognition processes across The United States". p 101. Retrieved February 21, 2011.

External links